Description

The TL431 is a programmable precision shunt regulator widely used as an adjustable Zener diode replacement in power supplies, battery chargers, SMPS circuits, voltage monitoring systems, and reference generation circuits. Unlike fixed Zener diodes, the TL431 allows precise output voltage adjustment (2.5V to 36V) using an external resistor divider. With excellent temperature stability, low dynamic impedance, and high accuracy, it is a popular component for feedback loops, regulation stages, and control applications in analog and power electronics.

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Specifications

• Type: Programmable Precision Shunt Regulator
• Reference Voltage: 2.495V (typical)
• Adjustable Output: 2.5V to 36V
• Operating Current: 1mA to 100mA
• Accuracy: 1% / 2% depending on variant
• Package: TO-92 (most common), other variants exist
• Dynamic Impedance: Very low, improves regulation stability

Applications

• SMPS feedback and regulation circuits
• Battery chargers
• Precision voltage references
• Zener diode replacement in adjustable circuits
• Voltage monitoring & protection circuits

Usage Notes

• Requires a resistor divider to set the desired output voltage.
• Functions as an adjustable Zenermust be driven in shunt mode.
• Ensure proper heat dissipation at higher currents.

Package Includes

• 1 TL431 Programmable Precision Zener/Voltage Reference Diode